Irrigation is the backbone of Indian agriculture. With unpredictable monsoons, farmers need reliable irrigation systems to secure crop yield and income. By shifting from traditional flood irrigation to modern drip and sprinkler systems, farmers can:
- Save up to 60% water
- Increase yield by 20–40%
- Reduce soil erosion and salinity problems
- Lower electricity and diesel costs
Importance of Irrigation in Indian Agriculture
In India, around 55% of farmland is rain-fed. This makes irrigation engineering essential for:
- Timely supply of water to crops
- Efficient water use and conservation
- Protecting soil health
- Increasing farmer income
👉 Under government schemes like Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY), farmers can get subsidies of up to 55% for drip and sprinkler systems.
Key Irrigation Concepts Farmers Should Know
- Turbine pump – Can lift water from a depth of 300 m.
- Hydraulic rotary boring – Can dig tube wells up to 1000 m.
- Delta (Δ) – Total depth of water required during a crop’s lifecycle. Example: Wheat ~40–50 cm, Paddy ~120 cm.
- Base period – Time from first to last irrigation of a crop.
- Water duty (value) – How much land can be irrigated with a certain amount of water.
- Leaching – Extra water given to wash away salts from soil, common in Haryana, Gujarat, and Rajasthan.
Crop Water Requirement in India
Crop water requirement means the total water needed for a crop from sowing to harvest.
Average water needs of major crops:
- Wheat: 40–50 cm
- Paddy (Rice): 100–120 cm
- Sugarcane: 150–200 cm
- Maize: 30–40 cm
- Vegetables: 30–60 cm
Types of Tube Wells in India
There are three main types of tube wells commonly used in India:
- Strainer tube well – For sandy soils
- Cavity tube well – For clay soils
- Slit tube well – For mixed soils
Using the hydraulic rotary method, boring can be done up to 1000 meters deep.
Modern Irrigation Methods for Sustainable Farming
- Drip irrigation – Delivers water directly to plant roots, saving water and fertilizer.
- Sprinkler irrigation – Works like artificial rainfall, suitable for vegetables, wheat, and maize.
- Rain-guns – Useful for large fields like sugarcane and potato.
- Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) in Paddy – Saves up to 30% water without affecting yield.
Measurement of Irrigation Water
Farmers should measure water flow to avoid over-irrigation.
- 1 cusec = 28.35 liters/second
- 1 hectare-cm = 100,000 liters
- Formula: Q=A×V
Where Q = discharge (m³/sec), A = area (m²), V = velocity (m/sec).
Government Support for Farmers
- Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) – Subsidy on drip and sprinkler.
- State-level micro-irrigation schemes – Additional subsidy in states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
- Mukhyamantri Krishi Vaniki Yojana (Bihar) – Promotes irrigation for agroforestry.
Practical Irrigation Tips for Indian Farmers
- Use mulching to reduce evaporation.
- Irrigate during morning or evening to avoid water loss.
- Combine rainwater harvesting with drip irrigation for maximum efficiency.
- Regularly check pumps and pipes for leakages.
Conclusion
Irrigation engineering is more than pumps and pipes—it is the science of saving every drop. For Indian farmers, adopting modern irrigation systems means:
✅ Higher yield and profit
✅ Lower water and energy use
✅ Long-term soil health
✅ Better groundwater conservation
👉 “Pani bachao, fasal badhao” – Smart irrigation is the key to sustainable farming in India.
FAQs on Irrigation in India
Q1. Which irrigation system is best for farmers in India?
Drip irrigation is best for fruit crops, sugarcane, and vegetables. Sprinklers are good for wheat, maize, and pulses.
Q2. How much subsidy is available for drip irrigation in India?
Farmers can get up to 55% subsidy under PMKSY, and some states give an additional 10–20%.
Q3. Which crop needs the most water in India?
Sugarcane (150–200 cm water) and paddy (100–120 cm water).
Q4. How can farmers reduce water wastage?
By using drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, mulching, and rainwater harvesting.
Q5. What is delta (Δ) in irrigation?
It is the total depth of water required by a crop during its life cycle.
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